Edward Steichen’s Commercial Photography

Edward Steichen was a splendid and flexible craftsman, able to do ceaselessly changing photography alongside the progressions set apart by advancement and radicalism during his time. Steichen’s tendencies that altered photography and understood its motivation as a work of art made him a symbol that workmanship aficionados, just as hopeful picture takers and craftsmen should turn upward to. Additionally, Steichen’s assurance to hang out in different fields of aesthetic foundations, for example, workmanship evaluating, to business photography, and from painting, to being a historical center keeper, turned into a motivation to craftsmen and non-specialists the same to overcome different fields or ventures that intrigues us, and devote ourselves to things that we love most. (Morrison, 2007) The rest of the content will talk about explicit jobs and commitments that Steichen has made during the time that gave photography its uniqueness and hugeness. Steichen’s life has made an enormous impact on how he turned into an inventive power of nature to photography so the most critical pieces of his life will be related not exclusively to pay tribute to him yet additionally to represent how his reality converged with the means of the field of photography. Edward Steichen’s Commercial Photography Edward Steichen was conceived on March 27, 1879 in Luxembourg. Notwithstanding, the majority of life was spent in the United States as his family moved to the nation while he was as yet youthful. His enthusiasm for seeking after a profession in expressions and photography was clear when he arrived at the age of sixteen. â€Å"Edward Steichen,† 2008) Steichen experienced preparing in lithography which permitted him to get fundamental information and aptitudes in printing shaded shapes and figures on plates that got instrumental in his useful comprehension of photography and the aesthetic development of different pictures in shading through artwork. In spite of the fact that painting intrigued him as much as photography, he decided to fortify his got information and aptitudes on the last as his method of paying attention to the field of photography †something that was messed with already. His impression of genuine photography were powered by his diligence in merging the creativity in the field, just as with corporate greed. (Morrison, 2007) His one of a kind and sincere take of photography drove him to meet and become accomplices with Alfred Steigletz. Together, they set up Photo Secession, which for the most part repeated the pictorialist style of photographic workmanship. This style was outstanding in its structure as photos taken were made to look like results of painting aestheticness and ingenue. Since the opening of Photo Secession, Steichen has concentrated on reclassifying photography. He needed to get something new to the aestheticness scene so he made numerous photograph shows that introduced different outside works, especially the prestigious works of French picture takers, for example, Henry Matisse. (Mitchell, 2008) He proceeded onward to contemplating and creating elevated photography. His enthusiasm for this kind of photography was escalated by the scholarly chance of delivering pictures that are obvious, in center, and very much structured. Schueth) During this time, Steichen was tied in with describing photography as something important, noteworthy, and above all excellent, instead of it being underestimated in the past simply like a minor instrument for relaxation interest and such. Steichen’s life after World War I was the most recognized piece of his creative profession in business and style photography as it was during this time he was employed as the main picture taker of Conde Nast which oversaw Vanity Fair and Vogue magazines. Hobson, 2001) Although Steichen’s move to be a piece of style and business photography was totally unique in relation to his past creative purposes of perspectives and points of what photography truly intended to him, he despite everything kept on tolerating ventures and goes for publicizing and design photography purposes. In spite of the difference of Steiglitz in his picked vocation way (Hobson, 2001), Steichen considered the possibility of chipping away at business and design photography as a test and a way to grow the constraints of the field of photography. Through this experience, Steichen had the option to plan new and different strategies in photography which helped in understanding his motivation of permitting photography to be the vehicle for stylish realism. (Zurich, 2008) Some of Steichen’s wonderful works with business photography incorporates his past undertakings for Welch, Jergen’s, and Kodak. His excitement for important and direct photography was reflected in his business fills in as he used genuine circumstances as subjects for outlining different items publicized by business associations. His photos for Eastman Kodak demonstrated how individuals were seen bluntly while using this specific item. As time went on, after an assortment of business photography meetings, Steichen had the option to understand the association among photography and promoting. Now, Steichen prevailing with regards to drawing out the earth shattering nature of photography, as an implies that radiated style as well as it was identified with each individual which affected their perspective and conduct. This perspective, he applied in the Welch Juice magazine photos drawing out the rich and upscale nature of the item. (Hobson, 2001) His method in using photography to engage differing degrees of social positions and perspectives earned him an ascent in Vogue magazine deals following its discharge. Maybe, his capacity to merge photography with different orders prompted his accomplishment in business photography. It was essentially ascribed to his scholarly resources that made photography a device for understanding the motivation behind promoting and publicizing. Steichen saw the capability of photography to influence the brains of the individuals into something wanted by him or business associations who produce different items to assist the market populace. His perspectives about promoting in business photography were powered by the things and circumstances he encountered during World War I. During that time, he worked for the Photographic Section of the Army Air Service in France and he was prepared to recreate duplicates of photos that addressed recognized issues and prerequisites to keep up support among the individuals and enterprises to the military. The aggressive viewpoint in using photos was adjusted by Steichen in his works, and permitted him to take a gander at express and helpful points of items or subjects that would pick up the certainty and consideration of its watchers. (Johnson, 2000) Contributing to his achievements in business photography was his constructive nature and qualities that drew individuals toward him and picked up trust for his aesthetic capacities. He was available to working with others in the business, teaming up with different craftsmanship executives and customers to get experiences and offer information and data that improved his art. In addition, he considered the patterns in publicizing and took a shot at altering his photographic styles to current systems and procedures in promoting. Through his exploration, he had the option to build up his best procedure in business photography that is authenticity. He understood the significance of enthusiastic reactions as a way to build up association with his crowd or watchers. His capacity to take bits of his viewers’ real factors and change it into significant messages inside his photos while fusing the elements of promoting and publicizing subliminally earned him the trust of business associations and showcasing enterprises. He veered away from the threatening and awkward elements of forceful and direct publicizing and changed this specific promoting methodology to adjust logic, authenticity, and delicate influence. (Johnson, 2002) Overall, his methodology in business photography affected the field of photography as well as changed business and promoting as discrete ventures. For one, he had the option to make his subjects commonly recognized names, addressing the necessities, prerequisites, and requests of business associations and showcasing enterprises. He fulfilled the crowd, watchers, or shoppers, yet in addition the partnerships behind his photographic subjects. His perspectives on authenticity as a significant power in photography and advertising permitted to turn into a piece of business techniques being executed in the past as well as until present time. Be that as it may, it was not just his profession in business photography that decided his fruitful vocation. It was additionally his exquisite and present day chips away at design spreads that uncovered his range, from pictorialist to aeronautical, and business to form photography. Steichen’s photographic commitments to form were named as his superstar tasteful way to deal with photography. (Riding, 2007) He shot different stars and big names for Vanity Fair and Vogue covers in style, as he planned to consummate their open figures by taking pictures of them illustrative of their magnificence, beauty, and appealing persona. For Steichen’s style shoots, each edge and each shot was tied in with catching the substance of excellence and force. (Richard, 2008) His feeling of style photography might be summarized in two words †tastefulness and advancement †in spite of the work of art and customary impacts. Picardie, 2008) Conclusion Steichen’s splendor as a craftsman was powered by his capacity to change the essence of photography by joining different strategies and approaches which reclassified and added to what photography can do beside its conspicuous down to earth reason for imitating pictures for recreation purposes. Moreover, Steic hen had the option to take the work of art and customary highlights of photography and grow new procedures that permit it to change with the requests and prerequisites of present day and liberal time

Marketing Topics free essay sample

Short papers examining: test advertising, the four Ps, item life cycle, and promoting correspondence blend. Any type of test advertising has its disadvantages. Advertisers of food items frequently use taste testing as a method of foreseeing purchaser conduct concerning the new item, and this methodology has its perils also. Individuals select nourishments dependent on close to home inclinations, and when we are discussing staples, we are truly discussing individual inclinations over gathering inclinations. That is, every individual has their own specific preferences, and a few items will interest them and some won't. There isn't generally a reasonable populace devoted to a specific taste as there may be for different items. To be compelling in foreseeing customer conduct, a trial must have an exceptionally enormous base populace stepping through the exam to give a smart thought of the level of the shopper populace that will be keen on the item. We will compose a custom exposition test on Promoting Topics or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page

Bridal Shower Anxiety

Bridal Shower Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Bridal Shower Anxiety 10 Tips to Be Less Nervous at Your Bridal Shower By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on June 24, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Getty / Kirsty Lee / Eye Em If you dislike being the center of attention or live with social anxiety disorder (SAD), having a bridal shower thrown in your honor can stir up a lot of emotions. You may worry that your guests will be bored. You may be anxious about having to open gifts in front of everyone. If this is you, its time to put together a strategy to get through the event. Below are eight tips to help you cope with social anxiety at a bridal shower. Lean on the Maid of Honor Fortunately, although the bridal shower is all about the bride, it is usually up to the maid of honor to make sure the event goes smoothly. Try telling her about your anxiety and between the two of you, see if you can arrange the event in a way that makes it easier for you Whether your bridal shower is an afternoon gathering held in someones home or a night out with friends, there are adjustments you can make to ensure your anxiety does not interfere with your enjoyment of the event. A good friend should be willing to accommodate your needsâ€"after all, this is all about you! Think About Your Values One way to approach this event is by acting in a way that is in accordance with your deeply held values, as suggested by acceptance and commitment-based approaches to therapy. From this perspective, take time to evaluate whether your behavior is lined up with what you value, regardless of your level of anxiety. Examples of values and beliefs might include setting limits and boundaries, accepting that life will involve some discomfort, and showing gratitude. Even if you experience anxiety, make a point of being a gracious guest. Set Limits Have the hostess keep the shower small and intimate, inviting only people whom you know well. Limit the shower to a couple of hours. Most guests will tire of a longer shower, and keeping it short gives you a break if anxiety starts to become too much. If its a night out on the town you are planning, have an exit strategy that gets you home by a reasonable hour. Let Others Take the Lead At an afternoon gathering, it is the job of your hostess to greet people at the door. Dont feel bad about taking a seat and letting people visit with you instead of trying to become a social butterfly. Remember that your guests want to celebrate with you and shower you with gifts. Dont feel guilty if you cant make the rounds and speak with everyoneâ€"they will make time to come around and speak with you. Put Someone in Charge of Gift Opening If you are truly anxious about opening gifts in front of everyone, have someone else help you out. Your future spouse or a younger relative could help, or you could even pass gifts out to the group and have everyone open a gift one-by-one. Keep Worry in Check While it is easy to start worrying about whether everyone is enjoying themselves and if they want to be there, try not to spend time  worrying about guests being bored. Most guests will be interested to see what gifts you have received and catch up with each other. Since youve set a time limit as well, guests who arent enjoying themselves wont have to stay all that long. Dealing with Gifts Gift registries may take the spontaneity out of gift-giving but they can be a lifesaver for the anxious bride. By giving guests a registry list, you avoid having to pretend to like something that you will never use. While games designed to embarrass you should be avoided, games that keep guests busy and interested can be useful. For example, during gift opening, your guests could play bingo. Hand out blank bingo cards and have everyone write in the gifts that they think you will receive. As the gifts are opened, guests mark their cards until someone yells Bingo! As another alternative, have the hostess serve cake right before gift opening to take the focus off of you. Show Gratitude No matter how anxious you are during the shower, remember to be gracious. Hold up each gift for everyone to see, smile at the person who gave it to you and thank them. Thank your guests for coming as they leave. After the shower, send out thank you cards to your guests. Take the time to write a special note to each person, especially if you feel that your anxiety prevented you from connecting with them at the shower.   Boost Your Oxytocin Research shows that oxytocin (also known as the love hormone) is also a bit of an antidote for social anxiety. You can boost your oxytocin by petting an animal or hugging a loved one before the showerâ€"or taking a quick break mid-event to gather up some of that feel-good hormone. A Word From Verywell In the end, try not to focus too much on being the center of attention for an afternoon. Your friends and family want to celebrate with you and give you gifts. Try to take some enjoyment from the event and treasure your special time as the guest of honor.

The Idea of Just in Time Essay example - 941 Words

The Idea of Just in Time The idea of Just In Time originated in Japan. Actually this type of inventory/production was originally known as the Toyota Production System. A man by the name of Taiichi Ohno is credited as the person who first came up with this system. He looked at the Western industries and found that the manufacturers would set up their manufacturing lines to produce a large quantity of one product before stopping and and switching to a different product. They also would order and stock an overabundance of inventory so that the right parts were always on hand. Ohno did not feel that this would not work in a nation that demanded a smaller quantity but a greater variety to its products. So he came up with an†¦show more content†¦However in Japan low demand meant that manufacturers faced price resistance, so if the selling price is fixed how can one increase the profit mark-up? Obviously by reducing costs and hence a large focus of the system that Toyota implemented was to do with cost reduction. To aid in cost reduction Toyota instituted production levelling - eliminating unevenness in the flow of items. So if a component which required assembly had an associated requirement of 100 during a 25 day working month then 4 were assembled per day, one every two hours in an eight hour working day. Levelling was also applied to the flow of finished goods out of the factory and to the flow of raw materials into the factory. Toyota changed their factory layout. Previously all machines of the same type, e.g. presses, were together in the same area of the factory. This meant that items had to be transported back and forth as they needed processing on different machines. To eliminate this transportation different machines were clustered together so items could move smoothly from one machine to another as they were processed. 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In the end, the people that lived in the ideas box, just before they die, do not feel as though theyRead MoreJean Jacques Rousseau And Mary Wollstonecraft1201 Words   |  5 Pagescentury and had some key ideas developed by education innovators that changed the way that society views children and education. Many of these ideas stem from the revolutionary work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Mary Wollstonecraft. This essay will discuss the main ideas from their work and also how it is reflected in other work during the Age of Enli ghtenment for educationalists such as Johann Pestalozzi and Robert Owen. The final aspect of this essay will discuss how these ideas are reflected in early

Essay about Special Needs Education - 999 Words

One of the most controversial issues facing educators today is the topic of educating students with disabilities, specifically through the concept of inclusion. Inclusion is defined as having every student be a part of the classroom all working together no matter if the child has a learning disability or not (Farmer) (Inclusion: Where We’ve Been.., 2005, para. 5). The mentally retarded population has both a low IQ and the inability to perform everyday functions. Activities such as eating, dressing, walking, and in some cases, talking can be hopeless for a child with mental retardation. Schooling for the disabled requires a special environment—one that only a few teachers have the gift to care for. Instead of looking out for the child’s†¦show more content†¦The civil rights movement and the inclusion controversies run side by side, however the segregation factors are contrasting. Color of skin does not affect a human’s ability to learn, therefore segregation was overturned. Mental retardation, however, will affect their education and peers in the classroom. Special education students have severe behavior or emotional issues that can disturb the classroom learning environment for themselves and the non-disabled peers. Disabled students often act out from not feeling accepted, frustration from the difficult material, and their cognitive obstacles. According to the article Time to leave inclusion out, seventy percent of teachers blamed the inclusion of children with special needs for increasingly bad behavior in the classroom. The key to any successful school district is the administration. Teachers essentially provide structure, organization, and the background of a child’s future. To educate students with learning disabilities, it is essential that the staff has the training and resources needed for the appropriate people, place, and time (Lazarus) (What is Inclusion, 2001, n.p). 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The Writing Process Free Essays

1. In your own words, describe each of the five steps of the writing process based on the information in your textbook, Writing for Success. Pre-writing is form of brainstorming ideas that helps get your creative thought going. We will write a custom essay sample on The Writing Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now It also helps identify who, what, where, when why in your writing process. Free-writing and mapping are ways to help think about the main topic in which you are writing about. Drafting is the process of getting your ideas on paper and organizing your information logically. It’s also when you develop your topic with enough detail for your audience and purpose. Revising is when the author reads what they have written from the reader’s standpoint. During this stage the writer might see that they need to change the order of their information or expand certain sections or even cut details in others. Editing is where you would check for grammar mistakes and also sentence structure, punctuation capitalization and citation and document format. Related article: Principles of Good Writing by L.A. Hill Full Text This helps create a polished look to your writing. Publishing is when you are releasing a document for the public and others to read. This can be as simple as turning in a paper for your teacher to read. 2. Write a paragraph of 100-150 words stating why it is important to follow a structured writing process with all writing projects. I think it is important to follow a structured writing process in all writing projects because it helps a writer be consistent with their approach to writing. It’s probably safe to say that writing is all about structure and how the writer knows what they want to say. They make sure that everything in their writing not only relates to the topic but also to the readers who will read it. People might get confused by differences in writing requirements from subject to subject. Different writing projects might require different types of writing assignments but all writing can follow the same process through structured writing. How to cite The Writing Process, Essay examples The Writing Process Free Essays

Labor unrest in the RMG sector free essay sample

The prevailing worsening situation in readymade garment (RMG) sector is not good for country’s feeble economy. RMG sector accounts for 76% of our total annual foreign exchange earnings. Once, Jute was the only foreign exchange earning item. But the golden age of Jute is now over. At present, the RMG is our only dependable export item. The textile sector has emerged as a backward sector to this RMG sector. Spinning, weaving, Knitting; dying, finishing etc have emerged as a backward linkage industry. These areas of the of the textile sector are contributing to the economy of the country. So, if the RMG sector suffers any crisis, the repercussion will be felt everywhere in the rickety economy. Now, there are 350 spinning mills operating in the country, which is catering to the demand of the RMG sector and thus saving huge amount of foreign exchange. At present, the capacity of the spinning mills is 1. 6 billion meters. There are 180 dying-finishing mills in the country with a capacity of 120 million meters per year. The production capacity of the knitting mills is 41 billion meters. What is important here is that they are capable of meeting local demand. The total workforce engaged in this sector is about 2. 5 million, of which 60 percent is women. The total production is being exported to foreign countries. The reasons and the remedies of the present crisis: All of a sudden, labor unrest has increased in our country. But, it will be unjustified to say that this labor unrest has grown overnight. It has a long history too. Labor unrest got impetus towards the end of the 4-party led coalition government and in the immediate past care taker government it reached its peak. We shall now turn to the reasons for Labor unrest as well as its remedies. 1. The main reason of the RMG Labor unrest was the demand for raising workers’ salary. In the year 1984, the RMG sector started flourishing when foreign buyers started coming to Bangladesh due to political unrest in Sri Lanka. And day by day, the RMG sector became the single largest sector of our country’s economy. During that time, there was no wage scale for the workers of this sector. No specific rules and regulations regarding the RMG sector were framed. Gradually, a pay scale came into being . The present government took an initiative for revising the existing wage structure against the backdrop of the Labor unrest; and a new revised wage structure was declared by the Labor Minister concerned with Tk 3,000 for the lowest grade for workers. An apprentice will now get an amount of taka 2,500. The new wage structure has seven grades for general workers and four grades for staff. The percentage of increase is huge. Despite that some worker resorted to movement with the argument that the lowest amount for a worker’s salary should be at least Tk5,000 and be effective from August, 2010. This is a reason why the Labor unrest gaining winds despite the declaration of a revised wage. Now, the RMG owners are saying that they can’t help but close down their factories if arson and anarchy continues further. So, what is the ultimate remedy of this crisis? Whatever may be the reason, the situation now remains subdued as the workers have started working and production is in full swing everywhere. 2. A few days earlier, leading politicians, distinguished citizens of the country made adverse comments regarding the RMG sector. They pointed out that the workers are leading an inhuman life as they were ill paid. With the poor salary given to them, they fail to get two square meals for sustaining their souls let alone the other bare necessities of life. The aspersions, however, added fuel to the already overcharged and highly volatile situation in the sector; and the turmoil took a new dimension. Though a revised wage structure is declared, peace is yet to come to the RMG sector. It is expected that the workers should be cautious about their role in the matter. For the greater interest of the country, the workers should reconsider their stand and change their negative attitude to the matter and try their best to maintain peace in this sector as it might further escalate and affect other sectors too. So, our export earnings will fall sharply if law and order situation deteriorates in the sector. 3. There should be a significant change in the mindset of the owners as well. Only a slogan like â€Å"owners -workers are brothers† will not bring any significant change. The owners should meet the justified demand of the workers and implement the agreed points as early as possible. We all know that with incurring losses no owner of a factory will continue with his business. But at the same time it should be borne in mind that the owners should also make money from their business. But the dilemma is that many of our RMG owners like to make huge profit and intend to become millionaire overnight. Such mentality should be given up. We should bear in mind that RMG owners are to meet minimum requirement of a Laborer. 4. Political stability is a prerequisite for rapid industrial growth. At this moment, there is no anti-government movement by the opposition in the country. But the development in the Industry sector is almost zero. No significant FDI is pouring in. An uneasy political situation is prevailing in the country. It should be changed. 5. At present, industry sector is severely hit by the power and gas crisis. Many factories have suspended production for want of power and gas. In some cases, some factories are running their factories in the night instead of day. It is very unusual for both the owners as well as for the workers . This is why the total production has fallen0; the cost of production increases dramatically, earning has slimmed down. The government has to come forward with practical and pragmatic decisions to overcome the crisis. 6. The RMG owners as well as other entrepreneurs are counting losses because of high bank interest rates. Nowhere in the world entrepreneurs pay interest rate at 13 percent except for Bangladesh. In addition to that, the banks realize another 13 percent as service charge. To many entrepreneurs, the bank interest rate is too high to cope with; and ultimately leaving them in a vulnerable situation in a competitive market. It is expected that the bank interest rate should be reduced to 7 percent . The government should come forward to save the entrepreneurs form the exploitation of the banks. If it can be done, the total scenario will be changed and the RMG sector will be able to give the minimum benefits as expected by the workers. 7. The productivity of our worker is much lower compared to that of the workers of Korea, China, and Hong Kong. The gross production rate per hour of these countries is two times higher than that of our worker. So, we are to train our workers to increase their per hour productivity. If it can be done, our production will be increased to a great extent and we will be able to compete with our rivals. 8. The cost of production is increasing day by day as the price of raw material is rising. As the prices of essential raw materials are increasing beyond the control of the RMG owners, hence the pay increase is not possible. The price of essential raw materials must be kept under control. This has to be done by the government. It is a major reason for labor unrest. The government should focus on increasing the local production rather than depending on import. 9. We know that in the year 1983 Bangladesh exported $31. 57 million worth of garments, which constituted 3. 89 percent of our total export revenue. This figure increased drastically due to the several initiatives taken by the then government to $298. 67 million in 1986-87, which constituted 27. 74 percent of our total export revenue. In 2009-10, the RMG sector earned $12. 35 billion, which accounted for 79. 33 percent of our total export revenue. In 2008-09, the RMG contributed to 10 percent to the country’s GDP. The total investment in RMG sector and Textile sector is worth Tk406 billion. The total number of workers in these two sectors is 4. 0 million, which is 65 percent of the people engaged in manufacturing sector. The livelihood of 20 million people is directly or indirectly dependant on these two sectors alone. Based on these two sectors, backward linkage sectors like banking, services sector, transport sector, have developed. So, the government must come forward to do all what is possible with a view to flourishing the unexplored potentials of the RMG sector. The writer is the founder of the Eastern University and former vice president of the FBCCI . Dated-5-09-201 Industrial Police to Police Industrial Policy? By Faheem Haider Wednesday, October 13th 2010 Earlier this year the government began to formulate plans to set up a separate police force to monitor the four separate industrial zones in Bangladesh. The plan was put into play this month with somber fanfare. The Industrial police force, (an unfortunately titled cadre of security officers; one imagines police officers kitted out in metallic gear and outfitted in chest plates, cogs and wheels as their weapons) will aid the Bangladesh police and the group of localized (and quite possibly, ill-trained) militia members called the Ansar Bahini, charged with nation-wide, internal security. Ostensibly to maintain law, order and security the Industrial police drew out nearly 1,500 officers from Bangladesh Police to patrol the four zones in Bangladesh where the main garments factories are located. 1, 400 more officers will join later to patrol the Dhaka and Chittagong, Gazipur and Naranganj industrial centers. They will report directly to the Home Ministry led by Sahara Khatun. The Industrial police are yet another paramilitary force that together with the Rapid Action Battalion, and Ansar aid the Bangladesh Police to maintain the internal security of the country. No doubt, it’s an important move especially since the ratio of population to the police force tasked to protect it is so glaring large. Nevertheless, the move to institute a separate Industrial Police force is not one that has obviously–and only–positive benefits. The force has been designed and established to quell labor unrest in the garments sector. This is a direct response to the term of widespread public and social unrest, in the aftermath of which garment workers were offered and accepted a raise in their minimum wage. Asking a minimum wage of 5000 taka, laborers protested the committed refusal of asset owners to admit into their pay rolls such a large increase in wages. Eventually garments workers accepted a hike of 3000, double their minimum wage to be phased in over time. Since that round of protests and violence, NGO’s have accused the government of torturing labor leaders. The tit for tat has offended industrialists who have claimed–with reason–that in order to maintain its industrial strength the current government has to figure out a way to control the next round of labor protests. The garments workers also have a morally compelling argument in their favor-perhaps more that is morally superior to the claims of industrialists since it hinges on a version of claim to subversion of worker’s human rights. There is widespread evidence of corporate exploitation of workers, overly long work hours and compensation that categorically does not match the surplus profits generated from their industry. Furthermore, with real estate and food prices sky-rocketing garment workers have a legitimate claim to higher compensation, perhaps even higher than the accepted rate of 3000 taka. In their turn, asset owners have a righteous argument that if the government raises wages too high, most firms will be priced out by the larger garments firms. In other words, such a move would quench competition. Through all the arguments for and against labor strife, unrest and security protection, I cannot think putting out more police officers to scare labor into acquiescence is a stable long-term strategy. As with the RAB, there is little cause to think that the Industrial police will be accountable to public scrutiny. This security force seems to have been designed to be accountable to industrialists and the profits they generate; to some extent that is legitimate. But the counter-point to this is that they seem explicitly designed to crush labor unrest. As such, there is ample room for the rule of law to fall victim to short-term security interests. Roundtable points to communication gap for RMG Labor unrest April 13, 2010 A roundtable in Dhaka yesterday pointed to inadequate communications among owners, workers and trade unionists as a major reason for the recurrent Labor unrest in the readymade garment (RMG) sector, Bangladesh’s prime foreign exchange earner. The workers misunderstand the owners as mid-level management sometimes fails to make them understand properly, the speakers observed. Lift Standards, a Germany-based social compliance advisory firm, organised the discussion on ‘communication and cooperation among stakeholders in times of unrest’ at Dhaka Sheraton Hotel where lawmakers and international buyers spoke among others. Economist Dr Quazi Kholiquz-zaman Ahmad urged all stakeholders to keep themselves away from a ‘blame game’ so far RMG Labor unrest is concerned. â€Å"The issues that led to Labor unrest have been identified, now it needs special care from all sides to resolve this problem, † Ahmad suggested. Pointing his finger at trade unionism, he said, â€Å"Formation of trade unions in the industrial sector is a constitutional right of the workers and their representatives. The owners should allow such rights in the RMG sector. But, we must ensure that trade union leaders run those properly. † Lutful Hai, chairman of Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Ministry of Commerce, hoped that there will be no Labor unrest in the RMG sector soon after the establishment of trade unions at all the garment factories. â€Å"It’s true that sometimes some unofficial forces provoke workers to create unrest,† the lawmaker said. â€Å"The rules for formation of bargaining agents at the garment factories are violated,† observed Israfil Alam, the chief of parliamentary standing committee on the Labor and employment ministry. Lawmaker Sarah Kabori suggested owners arrange open dialogues with the workers on a regular basis in the interest of a better understanding between the two sides. â€Å"The owners should consider the workers as part of their factories,† the actor-turned-politician said, pointing to the communication gap as the main for RMG Labor unrest. While sharing her experience of such unrest, Kabori said owners seek help from the local influential people and government agencies after the occurrence of any such incident, but they can resolve any dispute through discussion among the stakeholders. Shahidullah Azim, a director of Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association, spelt out his bitter experience of trade unions in the RMG sector. â€Å"So far I know, some 150 garment factories where trade unions were active have been announced closed now,† he said. The machinery and apparels worth Tk 2 billion in a composite garment factory of Islam Group have been damaged recently. â€Å"We feel proud of Islam Group, as it is one of the highly compliant factories, which received Wal-Mart award for six consecutive times,† Azim said. He said sometimes so-called Labor leaders create problems in the factories instead of resolving the issues in a proper manner. Marin Boehm, manager, CR-Buying Markets of Otto Group of Germany, said social compliance in Bangladesh is not strong. â€Å"Still the Labor unrest and fire incidents are taking place in the factories due to problems in management and cooperation,† Boehm said. Dr Wajed Ali Khan, coordinator of the Sramik Karmachari Oikya Parishad, also spoke on the occasion. 08 BAN 5 – 08-08-09 Savar Laboratoiredesfrondeurs. org http://www. newagebd. com/2008/aug/08/front. html#3 RMG unit owners seek security fearing Labor unrest in Ramadan Mustafizur Rahman Garment factory owners on Thursday sought security from the government for readymade garment units, mostly in Dhaka and Chittagong, as they fear Labor unrest might flare up before Ramadan over due wages and other benefits. The owners requested stringent measures in case of any deviation from laws either by workers or the owners to save the factories from being destroyed. ‘We are very much concerned about Labor unrest which may fare up any time in Ramadan, aggravating the situation,’ the Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers and Exporters; Association president, Anwar-Ul Alam Chowdhury, told New Age on Thursday after a meeting with the home affairs adviser, MA Matin, at the secretariat. A seven-member delegation, led by the association president, called on Matin in his office seeking security for the apparel sector. Former association president Annisul Huq, now the president of the Federation of Bangladesh Chambers and Commerce Industries, also attended the meeting. The delegation requested the adviser to work out a guideline for them after a consultation with the commerce and Labor advisers by Sunday to save the factories from being attacked. Anwar-Ul Alam feared once the workers get involved in violence while rallying for due wages and other benefits, such incidents of violence spread to compliant factories causing damage to the sector which earned $10. 7 billion in foreign exchange in the past financial year. ‘Unrest may flare up fast this time and good factories will come under attack as all find it hard to cope with the essential goods price spiral,’ he said. The factory owners want the government should contain any unrest in the sector heavy handedly so that the workers do not dare to launch any movement anywhere sparking off violence also in good factories, said sources attending the meeting. Matin assured the workers of strict implementation of laws in case of any violation. Unrest in garment factories resulting from non-payment of wages and benefits led to violent incidents several times in Dhaka and Chittagong in violation of the Emergency Powers Rules, which came into force in January 2007. A number of factories, according to intelligence reports, are vulnerable to Labor unrest as the owners are not regularly paying the workers in accordance with the agreement made by the owners, workers and the government. The government of Fakhruddin Ahmed earlier formed a crisis management cell at the association, involving, among others, law enforcement agencies to tackle any untoward incidents in the garment sector. The government believes non-payment of wages to poor workers was one of the main reasons for Labor unrest in the readymade garment sector. Violent Labor unrest in the garment sector, which caused blood-shed and damage to factories, forced the government to form a tripartite wage commission in June 2006 to suggest a new pay scale as the minimum wage had remained unchanged for 12 years. The commission on October 5 finalised the apparel workers’ pay structure, setting the minimum wage at Tk 1,662. 50 from Tk 930 and the government on October 22 gazetted the new wages. The workers expected increased wages to be paid by December 2006. But still many factories are yet to comply with the agreement. A total of 4,100 out of 5,000 garments factories are registered with the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters’ Association and the Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers and Exporters’ Association. ‘A total of 2,765 factories are in operation now and almost all of them have implemented the minimum wages,’ the BGMEA president claimed. Published On: 2008-08-10 Front Page Garment workers clash with Ansars 2 bullet-hit Staff Correspondent Clashes between garment workers and Ansars at Nayarhat in Ashulia yesterday left four people injured, two of them with gunshots. For overnight assaults on two of their fellows, workers of Biswas Synthetic Ltd attacked the Ansars camp on the factory premises at around 9:30am. The Ansars replied by shooting at the protesters. Later, the camp was withdrawn in the face of demonstrations. The injured were admitted to local hospital and clinic. Of them, two are workers and two factory officials. The employees agitated also for regular payment of salary, introduction of eight-hour work period and removal of the general manager. Production remained suspended throughout the day for clashes and agitation. Witnesses said the Ansars personnel deployed in the factory slapped two employees on the graveyard shift. In the morning, co-workers of the two flew into a rage when they learned about the incident. They called for immediate action against those responsible. But as the factory authorities did not respond, they attacked the Ansars camp. The Ansars fired at least 15 shots to disperse the demonstrators armed with sticks and stones. During the clashes, workers Faruq Ahmed and Atiqur Rahman were shot in the leg while security officer of the factory Abdul Qaiyum and laboratory in-charge Abul Hasan were wounded in stone throwing. The situation came under control with police reaching the scene after about an hour. In response to the workers complaints, the Ansars high command in the evening ordered withdrawal of the camp and closed those who were on duty there to the battalion headquarters. Rafiqul Islam, officer-in-charge of Ashulia Police Station, told The Daily Star, â€Å"The workers were already annoyed with behaviours of some Ansars men. Friday nights incident only added to their anger. † He said a magistrate would carry out an executive enquiry into yesterdays shooting. http://www. newagebd. com/2008/aug/10/front. html#3 15 injured as ansar men fire at Savar RMG workers Staff Correspondent At least 15 people were injured as on-duty ansar men opened fire on the garment workers protesting against assault on two of their fellows at a Savar factory Saturday. Two of the factory workers sustained critical bullet injuries and admitted to a local hospital. Witnesses and police said ansar men beat two workers Zahid and Raju of Biswas Synthetics Limited, a concern of Biswas Group, located at Mirzanagar at Savar as they fell asleep during their night shift duty hours Friday. Hearing the incident, several hundred workers of the factory staged demonstration since Saturday morning and demanded punishment of the responsible ansars. As the factory authority did not respond to their demand, the workers equipped with rods, sticks, stones and brickbats attacked the ansar camp inside the factory at around 9:30 am. The ansar men instantly started firing into the crowd and angry workers retaliated with brickbats. Two workers, Faruk Hossain and Atiqur Rahman, collapsed with bullet wounds in the legs as at least 15 shots were fired, factory sources said. This infuriated the workers further and prompted them to vandalise the factory and damage windowpanes until huge contingent of police and Rapid Action Battalion brought the situation under control at around 2:00 pm. Agitating workers demanded withdrawal of the ansar camp from the factory and removal of factory general manager Shafiqul Islam. They also demanded payment of their salaries on the 20th of every month. General manager of Biswas Synthetics Limited, Shafiqul Islam told New Age, ‘The demands of the workers are illegal and what they have done over a trifling matter is unacceptable. ’ Officer-in-charge of the Ashulia police station Rafiqul Islam told New Age, ‘Ansars opened fire to save their lives and the factory property. ’ He said the authority already removed the ansar camp from the factory. ‘No case was filed in this connection,’ the OC said. Workers Faruk and Atiq, security in charge Abul Hasan and laboratory in charge Kaiyum were admitted to Savar Gana Sasthya Hospital. http://www. thedailystar. net/story. php? nid=49929 Published On: 2008-08-11 Front Page Agitation for Arrears Workers vandalise 15 RMG factories; 60 units close Factory in Gazipur set ablaze; owners blame outsiders Staff Correspondent Garment workers demanding back pay yesterday ransacked at least 15 garment factories and four shopping centres at Jamgorah in Ashulia on the outskirts of the capital. The violence triggered closing of more than 60 garment factories in the area. The agitating workers also blockaded the Dhaka-Tangail highway for over two hours and vandalized three vehicles, causing panic and a severe traffic jam. At least 20 people were injured as police clubbed the mob of agitators to restore order in the area. Meanwhile in Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ), two garment factories Softex Sweater Factory and Feather Light were shut down for various other reasons. Softex was closed due to Labor unrest while Feather Light for insufficient work order, said sources. In a late development, angry workers set fire to a factory of Meem Garments in Gazipur around 8:30pm yesterday damaging a huge quantity of fabrics and yarns. Five units of fire fighters from Tongi and Gazipur rushed to the spot and put out the blaze around 11:00pm. Both fire service and police officials confirmed that angry workers set fire to the factory at one stage of their protest demanding payment of overdue wages and Eid bonuses. Workers of two other nearby factories also ransacked the factories they work in. Meanwhile, workers of Meditex Sweater Factory in Konabari area under Gazipur Sadar upazila abstained from work yesterday, and workers of Euro Fashion Ltd at Masterbari under Sripur upazila staged a sit-in in front of the factory, both in demand for pay hikes. According to eyewitness accounts, in Ashulia over 300 workers of Polonia Garments Ltd gathered in front of the factory premises for their overdue salaries at around 11:00am yesterday, the day that had been previously fixed by the factory authorities for the disbursement of salaries. The unpaid workers became furious and started to ransack the factory as they found the main gate of the factory locked. The situation turned worse when over 1,000 workers, armed with bamboo sticks and stones, from neighbouring factories joined Polonia workers and attacked other factories on the Dhaka-Tangail highway. Windowpanes, doors and furniture of the factories were damaged in the attack. The factories that came under attack are Polonia Garments Ltd, Sed Fashion Ltd, Eastern Link Creation Ltd, Rivas Composit Ltd, Envoy Fashion, Scan Desk Ltd, Setara Group Ltd, Nodh Tex, Design Dreams Ltd, Universe Garments Ltd, Isa Fashion Ltd, Pall Mall Garments, Five Brother Ltd, and GBS Garments. The shopping centres vandalised by the mob are Samir Plaza, Helen Plaza, Nigar Plaza, and Noor Jahan Mansion. Panic gripped stranded passengers and vehicle owners on the highway when the workers started vandalising vehicles. Rafiqul Islam, officer-in-charge (OC) of Ashulia police station, told The Daily Star that the workers became angry as they did not receive their overdue salaries on time. The authorities however paid off the salaries in the afternoon, said the OC adding that no case was filed and no one was arrested. Owners of the affected garment factories yesterday denied the allegation of non-payment to the workers and reiterated that a section of hooligan outsiders in the guise of workers ransacked their factories. Owner of Envoy Fashion Ltd, Salam Murshedy, also a leader of Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA), said his factory was ransacked by a section of hooligan outsiders who were masquerading as workers. The workers did not attack my factory, Murshedy said. He said suddenly a group of outsiders tried to enter his factory, but the workers of the factory obstructed them. The outsiders then threw stones and broke glass panes and other furniture, he added. Similarly, the outsiders ransacked other nearby factories, he said. Murshedy said he will continue production in his factory today, as the damage to the factory is has not been severe. At least 5,000 workers are employed in my factory producing 45,000 apparel items a day. So, I cannot stop production as I pay the workers regularly, he said. Nazma Akter, president of Sammilito Garment Sramik Federation, a platform of garment factory workers, said the workers agitation broke out for a pay hike in the wake of higher prices of essential commodities. She said although the majority of owners pay salaries under the current wage structure, the minimum wage of Tk 1,662. 50 a month is too little to maintain livelihoods. So, it needs to be increased through negotiations, but not by damaging factories, she added. She said the government should also come forward to settle the issue of low salaries of the workers. The workers, owners and government officials may sit together again for a solution, she said. BGMEA President Anwar-Ul-Alam Chowdhury Parvez said the nature of the attack indicates that the rampage was carried out by outsiders, not by real workers. Only the compliant factories were ransacked. The factories those were attacked are all good in payment and in corporate culture, he said. http://www. newagebd. com/2008/aug/11/front. html#4 Garment workers on rampage for increased pay, dues Vehicles, factories vandalised at Ashulia, unit set on fire in Gazipur Staff Correspondent Workers on Sunday damaged a number of garment factories and blocked the Dhaka–Tangail Highway at Jamgara of Ashulia in Dhaka demanding payment of salaries and dues. RMG unit workers also went out on demonstrations, vandalised vehicles and set fire to a factory in Gazipur, demanding increased wages and payment of dues. They also vandalised a number of vehicles as the police charged at them with truncheons. More than 20 protesters were injured. The local people and the police said the workers of the Polonia Garments Limited, shut down on August 2, went to the factory at Jamgara in the morning for salaries and dues, but they found the entrance locked up. The workers then took to the streets and blocked the highway at about 11:00am. Several hundred vehicles were stranded on both ends of the road stretch. At one point, they started marching and fellows from other factories joined them. They pelted the factories by the road with stones. The window panes of more than a dozen factories and shopping malls were damaged. A number of vehicles were also vandalised. The authorities of all other factories in the area closed their units fearing further agitation. The police reached the spot and charged at the workers with truncheon, injuring more than 20 of the protesters. Police deployment was then reinforced to control the situation. Polonia workers said the authorities had closed the factory on August 2 without any notice and said the payment of salary and other allowances would be made on Sunday. But no one from the management went to the factory which was found locked up. The factory owner, Abdul Kader, however, said the workers would be paid by the evening. A senior Dhaka Export Processing Zone official said the Softex Sweater Factory closed the unit on Sunday for ‘unjust’ demands of the workers. The Featherlight Factory in the zone also closed the unit till August 20, the official said. In Gazipur, the workers of at least 10 garment factories went out on demonstrations, vandalised the factories and set a factory on fire. Local people, factory workers and the police said the workers of the Delta Group at Kashimpur had been out on demonstrations for a few days demanding increased wages. They abstained from work and held rallies Sunday morning as the authorities refused to meet their demands. At one point, they vandalised the factory. The police obstructed them as they tried to attack neighbouring factories. At least five workers were injured in the incident. The workers of six factories also went out on demonstrations at Sreepur demanding increased wages and payment of dues. The workers came out of the factories as some people, reportedly hired by the owners, chased them, leading to a clash. At least 15 were injured. The police controlled the situation in the afternoon. The workers of the Meem Sweaters at Basan in the district headquarters had been out on demonstrations for the whole day. As the authorities did not heed their demands, they set fire to the factory warehouse and the generator room at about 8:00pm. Fire engines from Tongi and Gazipur were trying to put out the flames till 9:00pm. The workers of two other factories at Konabari and Khailkair also rallied for payment of salaries and dues. http://www. newagebd. com/2008

The Second World War Unrest

Introduction The Second World War was the greatest world unrest in the history of humanity. It culminated in the death of over 30 million people. The war brought things to a standstill in the world with reduced or no economic activity being realized between 1939 and 1945. The war came at the time in which the global economy was recovering from a deep depression (Howard, 2007). Fighting reached most countries across the world.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Second World War Unrest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Retrospectively, many analysts argue that the war could have been prevented. Others say that it was inevitable to engage in the war. This way, they argue, the world was brought to some level of structural sobriety with bodies such as United Nations coming to the fore in maintaining global harmony. This paper looks into the argument that the war was preventable and highlights some of the reas ons why. Chronology Germany’s meteoric rise under Hitler was because of the First World War. Hitler began to pursue an aggressive foreign policy between 1919 and 1933. Earlier on in the treaty of Versailles, Germans lost precious land to Poland. Most Germans were unhappy and wanted to reverse that. These factors shaped the politics of the Nazis with Hitler pursuing his personal ambitions including addressing the outcomes of the First World War (Weinberg, 2005). As Hitler rose to power, most of the people in Germany were unemployed. With the unemployment rate soaring high, the Nazi regime established its political policies. Hitler began to revise the treaty of Versailles by attacking various neighboring states as he tried reclaiming lost land and increase the territory of Germany (Cogley Sargent, 2001). Britain was one of the global powers at the time and it was involved in resolution of international conflicts involving various countries through appeasement. As Britain conti nuously gave into the demands of Hitler, USSR was alienated .Stalin was made to believe that the Western powers had allowed Hitler to continue his aggressiveness as Germany expanded in the East. The expansion promoted further conflicts between the Nazis and the Soviets. As noted by Cogley Sargent, (2001), the appeasement policy pursued by Britain and France was cowardly as it allowed continued aggression of expansionist states. German began attacking states that were allied to Britain in late 1939. In 1940, Germany began assault on Britain too through airstrikes resulting into the battle of Britain. However, Germany failed to conquer the British Air Force. Italy joined the war together with its allies by attacking North African states as Hitler planned his next move. Germany invaded the USSR in 1941 (Davies, 2008).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The initial efforts to invade Russia were successful but the outcome thwarted the efforts of Germany to continue its aggression. A full-scale retreat of Germany was realized in 1943 after the Stalingrad and Kursk battles in which German soldiers were badly injured and many died. In 1944, Germany was forced out of the USSR completely. In the same year, the U.S. joined the war by launching daylight invasion of Germany in one of its colonies that it had captured from France through the port of Normandy (Simkins, Jukes Hickey, 2002). Therefore, Germany had established enmity with almost all superpowers: U.S., USSR, and Britain among others. Despite the efforts of each country, USSR was the first country to get to Berlin with the effects of the war forcing Germany to surrender in 1945 (BBC 2012). Argument Could the war have been prevented? Many people concur that it could have. Although most nations were independent, the rise of Germany under the unpredictable Hitler after the First World War should have been stemme d. Additionally, many European superpowers at the time had expansionist policies. The United States was the sole superpower with nonexistent expansionist policies. Hence, it was in a better position to curb the hunger of Hitler for more and more territory. The US should have played a big role in resolving and possibly repealing the Versailles treaty that was a major catalyst to the war. The Nazi regime was also repressive and should not have existed with US doing nothing (BBC 2012). Unlike in the more recent Rwanda Genocide where the United States’ poor run in Somalia prevented her from acting, the case in 1939 and before was not preceded by a foreign policy mishap. Hence, the US should have played a more active role. Germany was still weak in many fronts. However, with the help of France and Britain through appeasement, Germany grew into a formidable force. The two countries should have used their power to forestall Germany’s meteoric rise. However, as critics argue, this would have given Stalin leeway to further his expansionist ways, which Hitler had beaten at him. Hence, prevention should have been directed at the two nations. The UN played a role too. The economic policies it was proposing worsened the Germans’ resolve to get back their resources. The Japanese had a minimal role though it was also significant if the consequences and outcomes of the war are anything to go by. Conclusively, most of the superpowers at the time played an active or passive role in worsening the war (BBC 2012).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Second World War Unrest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References BBC. (2012). History: World War 2. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ Cogley, T. Sargent, T. (2001). Evolving Post-World War II U.S. Inflation Dynamics. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 16: 331-388. Davies, N. (2008). No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939–1945. New York: Penguin Group. Howard, M. (2007). The First World War: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. Simkins, P., Jukes, G. Hickey, M. (2002). The First World War, Volumes 1-2. NY, New York: Osprey Publishing. Weinberg, GL. (2005). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This research paper on The Second World War Unrest was written and submitted by user Red Cr0w to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lenski and 5 different societies essays

Lenski and 5 different societies essays Jean and Gerhard Lenski, in their theory of sociocultural evolution, describe five different types of societies, separated by their technologies. They are the hunting and gathering societies, the horticultural and pastoral societies, the agrarian societies, the industrial societies, and the post-industrial societies. Which of these societies would I prefer? I will argue that the post-industrial society is favorable to the other four societies. Compared to the post-industrial society, an individual in the hunting and gathering society consumes a great deal of time, energy, and thought, collecting and hunting for food. Most of these societies today generally live in marginal areas where resources are scarce, so life for the hunter and gatherer seems more oriented toward mere survival. The natural elements can be harsh, for example, in the Arctic where the Inuit live. In the post-industrial society, food is easily available, allowing more time to focus on other interests. Life expectancy is also very low compared to the post industrial society. Technology is minimal in the hunting and gathering society, which again relates back to the need for expending time and energy finding food. Technology in medicine is also primitive for hunters and gatherers. If I, or someone I cared for, develops a pendicitis, for example, this would be easily treatable in the post-industrial society, death would be rare. In the hunting and gathering society, likely I or my cared-one would suffer pain and eventually die. The hunting and gathering society certainly has its benefits. Equality is great and social stratification is low, opposed to the post-industrial society. I feel that the costs, however, outweigh these benefits. As with the hunting and gathering societies, the horticultural and pastoral societies do not afford as much time for leisure as does the post-industrial society. Production of food in the horticulturist socie...

What It Means To Be A Coast Guard Wife Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What It Means To Be A Coast Guard Wife - Essay Example In grasping the idea of protection as the chief aim of a coast guard on duty, a wife must instill in herself a gentle but firm heart at thoughtfulness when peril strikes and the better half guards someone else's life at the expense of his. More than awareness of how significant the profession is in times of real coastal emergencies, lifetime partnership with a man of the coast entails aligning thoughts, goals, and actions with the professional objectives of the latter. It means exhibiting a profound level of support to his cause that extends to getting involved in strengthening the man's faith in himself both emotionally and psychologically. Taking part in a routinary mission to prevent smuggling or intercept contraband trading is truly a tough work to accomplish so a coast guard's wife must possess the courage to accept any unforeseen circumstances especially the worst. She must not be susceptible to easily losing heart when her husband experiences distressing situations in the cour se of providing intense security in aiding vessels or merchant sailors for instance.

Reponse to a Shakespeare Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reponse to a Shakespeare Play - Essay Example In essence, it leaves only one villain for the story who can be blamed for the tragedy and that is fate. It can be shown with the evidence present in the play that fate is the villain of the story and thus with fate lies the blame for the tragedy. The first instance where we know that fate will have a hand in this tragedy comes from the prologue itself where we are told that the lovers are â€Å"star-crossd† which essentially means that their futures have been completely determined by their fate. Spoken by the Chorus, the prologue foreshadows what is to happen in the play and it does not mention any other person responsible for the tragedy than fate itself (Nevo, 1969). Of course we know that the Capulets and the Montagues have a bitter feud between them but we are also told that this feud will be removed soon albeit with the death of their children. Of course this does not happen before a fare share of other characters in the play have died. For example, in Act 3, Scene 1, Mercutio is killed by Tybalt and Tybalt himself is slain by Romeo after which Romeo has to flee the city. This course of events prompts Romeo to cry out and say, â€Å"O, I am fortunes fool! (Act 3, Scene 1)†. Romeo seems quite aware of fortune playing tricks on him and fate controlling his destiny. Learning about Juliet’s death and knowing that he could do nothing to bring her back does not lessen his love and he remarks, â€Å"Then I defy you, stars! (Act 5, Scene 1)† showing his intent to take some disastrous step which would seal both their fates. â€Å"Romeo and Juliet is an tissue of improbably coincidences: Capulet’s illiterate servant happens by mere chance to ask Romeo to read the list of those invited to his master’s entertainment; Romeo, by a most unusual chance, decides to attend his arch-enemies’ festivities, and so chances to fall in love with Juliet; at just this time the Prince chances to make a stringent

Dentitic Cell and Immune Networks Algorithm Comparison

Dentitic Cell and Immune Networks Algorithm Comparison A Comparative study of Dentitic cell and immune networks algorithm for Artificial immune networks. Jaspreet kaur, Kamal Kumar Abstract – Artificial immune systems are the systems used for advanced computational systems for the need of robust and secure functioning of computer systems. They are the systems inspired by the human immune systems in the human immunity save the body from external threats. We in this paper would be working on the networking branch of the AIS which is called Artificial immune networks which builds up an immunity in the network against the attacks. The accuracy, time analysis and a few other parameters are to be studied using two algorithms of Artificial immune networks. The two algorithms which we are taking in action will be immune networks algorithm and Dentritic cell algorithm. 1 INTRODUCTION An immune system, one of the most intricate biological sys-tems, has been used as a metaphor for intelligent computation in a variety of domains. Artificial Immune System (AIS) has been considered as a family of techniques originated from the community of immunology. As an important constituent of the AIS, the artificial immune networks are based on the principles of the behaviors of both B cells and T cells in the biological immune system. B cell is an integral part of the immune system. Through a process of recognition and stimulation, the B cells can clone and mutate to produce a diverse set of antibodies in an attempt to remove the infection from the body. T cell has two types. One regulates and con-trols the strength of the immune response, and the other di-rectly destroys the cells that have specific antigens. Both the B cells and T cells have been widely employed to solve a wide range of engineering problems, such as anomaly detection and data mining. This paper aims at giving a concise overview on the artificial immune network models including their theory, structures, and applications. Functions, principles and models, which can be applied to real world problems. According to the mechanis of DCs, the Dendritic cell Algorithm (DCA) has been put forward by Greensmith and successfully applied to a range of problems, particularly in the area of anomaly detection Compared with the classical AIS algorithms , the DCA has advantages of small calculations, strong recognition ability and few training samples, but it also hasthe defect that it will have promising detection accuracy onlyin ordered data sets, with the increasing of the disorder degree in data sets, the accuracy will reduce and the false positives and the false negatives will increase obviously. Experiments show that except some noise data most of the mistakes occur during the transition phases, this is because during a transition phase there is a small degree of confusion regarding temporally and spatially clustered antigens and DC may sample multiple antigens in different types of context. The Dendritic Cell Algorithm (DCA) is a second generation Artificial Immune System (AIS) algorithm. It is based on an abstract model of the function of dendritic cells and their ability to discriminate between healthy and infected tissue . As a context-aware anomaly detection algorithm, the DCA performs well in malware detection. Current research with this algorithm have suggested that the DCA shows not only excellent performance on detection rate, but also promise in assisting in reducing the number of false positive errors shown with similar systems. However, as the defenses evolve, so does the malware. The DCA distinguishes between normal and potentially malicious antigens on the basis of the concentration of danger signals they cause and neighboring antigens. This feature cabe exploited by crafty malware via mimicry attacks (such as blending with normal activities or mimicking normal behavior) to evade detection by the DCA . For example, some stealthy malware communicate with remote servers only when they detect user activities (such as requesting web pages). This reduces both the frequency and significance of malicious behavior, making the malware less active and more likely to avoid detection by the DCA. In , Gu et al. proposed an improvement for the DCA namely antigen multiplier to overcome the problem of ‘antigen deficiency’. As an additional function of the DCA, antigen multiplier can make several copies of each individual antigen which can be fed to multiple dendritic cells (DCs). Then the classification deci sion is averaged over the replicated population. The experimental results showed that antigen multiplier helped in improving the classification accuracy. But, as antigen multiplier copies every antigen it meets indifferently, it may show less resistance to mimicry attacks since the concentration of potentially malicious antigens is not increased. Similar to the inefficient detection to hidden and inactive malware by the DCA, biological immune system (BIS) also shows inefficiency when responds to some antigens. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW In this research paper [1] the author has analysed the immune theory and hopfied neural network (HNN), them proposing a new algorithm for multidimensional functionality. A group of solutions are collected for analyses using k means algorithm. Then later on the cluster is taken which is cluster centurions by k means algorithm. In this paper, by making use of the advantages of clustering analysis algorithm, HNN and ia, a new algorithm is proposed to solve the optimal problems of multimodal function with high dimensions. Simulation experiment proves that the new algorithm has much higher accuracy and shorter running time, compared with ia. Especially, at high dimensional function, the new algorithm has clearly advantage. In this paper[2], a novel multi-modal optimization algorithm, namely Dcopt-aiNet is proposed, which is based on biological immune network mechanism for global numerical optimization. Different from de Castro’s opt-aiNet algorithm, Dcopt-aiNet models cloning operation using dynamic cloning operation which is adopted from biological immune network mechanism. Based on the multi-modal benchmarks, experiments were carried out to compare the performance of Dcopt-aiNet with that of opt-aiNet. Experiment results show that when compared with the opt-aiNet method, the new algorithm is capable of improving search performance significantly in successful rate and convergence speed. In this paper [3] the author has proposed the the use of DCA for malwre detection. Artificial adjuvants increase immunogenicity of stealthy malware which speeds up the immunigenicity of them. This is how they improve the malware detection with help of DCA. Future work proposed in this paper is that the experiments need to evaluate their effects on enhancing the detection performance of dca. Further we need to better understand the mechanisms of immunological adjuvants can be beneficial to design more biologically. Lastly to make more diverse and more general algorithms. In this research paper[4] the algorithm is posed to only good in ordered data set but the results in the other cases are not considered to be great. In instances of different antigens, each instance is accesed and finally all the asessments made are taken into account. Proposed algorithm i.e. Mmdca brings up the nature of each multiplier and also it can be inferred that the false positives is higher, this is because the dca weights matrix used to calculate the semi and mat tends to mat. With the intrinsic properties of multimodal optimization problems, a multi-population artificial immune network algorithm (mopt-aiNet) is proposed to improve the performance of static and time-varing multimodal optimization problems by making use of biologic immune mechanism in this paper[5]. Compared with other immune network search methods, several novel operations such as multi-population dynamic hypermutation, asynchronous colony evolution, dynamic memory solutions management and a hill-valley exploring are designed which can speed up  searching the environment in an optimal way. Two other immune network algorithms are compared against mopt-aiNet by using static and dynamic benchmarks. Comparative analysis illustrates mopt-aiNet’s potential value. A bi-objective optimization model of power and power changes generated by a wind turbine is discussed in this paper[6]. The model involves two objectives, power maximization and power ramp rate (PRR) minimization. A new constraint for power maximization based on physics and process control theory is introduced. Data-mining algorithms were used to identify the model of power generation from the industrial data collected at a wind farm. The models and constraints derived from the data were integrated to optimize the power itself and the power variability, expressed as the power ramp rate. Due to the nonlinearity and complexity of the optimization model, an artificial immune network algorithm was used to solve it. The optimization results, such as computed operation strategies and the corresponding outputs, are demonstrated and discussed. In this paper [7] , the problem of finding the optimal collision free path, path planning for the case of a controllable mobile robot moving in a static environment filled with obstacles with known shape and size is studied. A path planner based on a hybrid memetic algorithm, Genetic Artificial Immune Network (GAIN), which provides near optimal collision free path is proposed. Genetic Artificial Immune Network is a hybrid memetic algorithm based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Artificial Immune Network (AIN) algorithm. The network cell structures are simple which makes the operators simple and results in a fast calculation with smaller number of cells. The results obtained from GAIN is compared with that of GA and GAIN is found to outperform. GA in terms of convergence speed and result obtained, making it a promising algorithm for solving the mobile robot path planning problem. 3 PROBLEM FORMULATION Adaptive immunity is directed towards specific invaders; either seen before or not previously encountered and gets modified by exposure to invaders. It mainly consists of lymphocytes (white blood cells, more specifically B and T type) that aid the process of recognizing and destroying specific substances, and are antigen-specific. Clonal Selection: Clonal selection theory was proposed by Burnet. The theory is used to explain basic response of adaptive immune system to antigenic stimulus. It establishes the idea that only those cells capable of recognizing an antigen will proliferate while other cells are selected against. Clonal selection operates on both B and T cells. B cells, when their antibodies bind with an antigen, are activated and differentiated into plasma or memory cells. Prior to this process, clones of B cells are produced and undergo somatic hyper mutation. As a result, diversity is introduced into the B cell population. Plasma cells produce antigen-specific antibodies that are work against antigen. Memory cells remain with the host and promote a rapid secondary response. Negative Selection :Negative selection is a mechanism to protect body against self-reactive lymphocytes. It utilizes the immune systems ability to detect unknown antigens while not reacting to the self cells. During the generation of T-cells, receptors are made through a pseudo-random genetic rearrangement process. Then, they undergo a censoring process in the thymus, called the negative selection. In this process, T-cells that react against self-proteins are destroyed and only those that do not bind to self-proteins are allowed to leave the thymus. These matured T-cells then circulate throughout the body performing immunological functions and protecting the body against foreign antigens. 4 OBJECTIVES 1. To study intuitively and understand the working of dentritic cell and immune networks technique in artificial immune systems. 2. To analyse the two above mentioned techniques on the basis of the following parameters:- A. Accuracy B. Response time C. Fittest cell level D. Immune memory strength. 3. Mathematical and graphical comparison between dentritic cell and immune networks. 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ALGORITHM DESIGN ( Dentritic Cell ) Its principle is taken up from the original dentritic cell mechanism in the human body with which our human immune system works. It generally takes advantage of the remembering power of our body in which if our body if exposed to a certain infection remembers it prevents it from harming us in at least near future, it also may cause permanent prevention. ALGORITHM DESIGN ( Immune Networks ) Its principle is taken up from the immune network mechanism which does not have fixed idea for prevention of particular disease in all senses. It undoubted takes up a more robust way of finding the right vaccine or the attack example for actual prevention. 6 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Bar graph for less no of attacks Bar for all attacks Plot for less no. of attacks. Plot for all attacks. POINTS OF CONCLUSION The accuracy varies with no. of attacks. More the no. of attacks in DCT more is the accuracy. Accuracy in INT is not dependent on no. of attacks. Though the accuracy of the DCT is more but the response time of INT takes lead on DCT. In terms of response time INT is much better than DCT. DCT has time consuming behavior because of all internal processes which take place in it like updating memory cells and informing t cell etc. Memory strength of DCT improves with no. of attacks and it is status quo in INT. Fittest cell level show only local behavior of a part of the system having most immunity. In short term goals INT is preferable because its less time consuming and can act quick. Also its cheaper as no internal processes prevail. In long term goals DCT is preferred because of its stability. We need to have a really fast system to implement DCT because of its time consumption DCT is a central system because t cells keep record of all previous attacks and which is accessible to every part or ip in the network which makes DCT a central system. 7 REFERENCES [1] Ruiying Zhou, Qiuhong Fan, Mingjun Wei, â€Å"Solving for Multimodal Function with High Dimensions Base on Hopfield Neural Network and Immune Algorithm†, IEEE 2011 International Conference on Electronic Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology, Print ISBN- 978-1-61284-008-8, pp.3905-3908, 12-14 August 2011. [2] Shi Xu-hua, Zhu Yu-guang, â€Å"Dynamic Cloning based immune network Algorithm for multi-modal Optimization†, IEEE, Seventh International Conference on Natural Computation, 2011, Print ISBN- 978-1-4244-9953-3, pp.522-525. [3] Jun Fu, Huan Yang, â€Å"Introducing Adjuvants to Dendritic Cell Algorithm for Stealthy Malware Detection†, IEEE, Fifth International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design, 2012, Print ISBN- 978-0-7695-4811-1, DOI-10.1109/ISCID.2012.156, pp.18-22 [4] Song Yuan, Qi-juan Chen, â€Å"Dendritic Cell Algorithm for Anomaly Detection in Unordered Data Set†, 4th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics, 2012, Print ISBN- 978-0-7695-4721-3, DOI-10.1109/IHMSC.2012.69, pp.249-252 [5] Shi Xuhua, Qian Fenq, â€Å"An Optimization Algorithm Based on Multi-population Artificial Immune Network†, IEEE, Fifth International Conference on Natural Computation, 2009, Print ISBN- 978-0-7695-3736-8, DOI-10.1109/ICNC.2009.574, pp.379-383 [6] Andrew Kusiak, Zijun Zhang, â€Å"Optimization of Power and its Variability with an Artificial Immune Network Algorithm†, IEEE, Print ISBN- 978-1-61284-788-7 [7] Antariksha Bhaduri, â€Å"A Mobile Robot Path Planning Using Genetic Artificial Immune Network Algorithm†, IEEE, World Congress on Nature and Biologically Inspired Computing, 2009, Print ISBN- 978-1-4244-5612-3, pp.1536-1539 [8] Yong Sun, Weigou Zhang, Meng Zhang, Dan Li, â€Å"Design on Neural Network Gain Scheduling Flight Control Law using a Modified PSO Algorithm based on Immune Clone Principle†, IEEE, Second International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation, 2009, Print ISBN- 978-0-7695-3804-4, DOI-10.1109/ICICTA.2009.70, pp.259-263 [9] Chung-Ming Ou, C.R. Ou, â€Å"Immunity Inspired Host-Based Intrusion Detection Systems†, IEEE, Fifth International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing, 2011, Print ISBN- 978-0-7695-4449-6, DOI-10.1109/ICGEC.2011.70, pp.283-286 [10] Maizura Mokhtar, Ran Bi, Jon Timmis, Andy M. Tyrrell, â€Å"A Modified Dendritic Cell Algorithm for On-line Error Detection in Robotic Systems†, IEEE, Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2009, Print ISBN- 978-1-4244-2959-2, pp.2055-2062 [11] Yunfeng Zhao, Yixin Yin, Dongmei Fu, Zhun Zhou, Ping Yin, Jia Wang, â€Å"Application of Improved Artificial Immune Network Algorithm to Optimization†, IEEE, 2008, Print ISBN- 978-1-4244-2386-6. [12] Zhonghua Li, Jianming Li, Jieyeing Zhou, â€Å"An improved artificial immune network for multimodal function optimization†, IEEE, The 26th Chinese Control and Decision Conference, 2014, Print ISBN- 978-1-4799-3707-3, DOI-10.1109/CCDC.2014.6852268, pp.766-771, May 31st – June 2nd 2014.

Information Security Essay

Information Security is a fundamental function of any organization expecting to be competitive in the global market. As more and more developing countries make the leap into capitalism, competiveness will only become more essential. With Asian nations like China, Korea and India stepping up to make their presence noticed taking more of the market share than ever before other organizations must remain competitive which means keeping their piece of the pie safe and secure. Organizations’ proprietary information if left unsecure could mean loss of their competitive edge. In the IndustryWeek. com article by, â€Å"Manufacturers Must Think Virtually to Ensure Data is Protected† Chris Benco contends; â€Å"Data is what all manufacturers rely upon, and with the ever-increasing influx of it, companies need to ensure that it is protected in the event of a natural disaster, human error or other problems. With this heavy reliance on data to maintain day-to-day operations, manufacturers cannot afford to overlook data protection as it is the key in maintaining production, optimizing productivity and guaranteeing profit. Information security though takes on another aspect when you consider an often over looked key element of corporate information. We think of information security in terms of protecting what is on paper and in data bases, but knowledge is much harder to nail down. Knowledge, information that is stored in the minds of the organization’s personnel is just as important as any other data or product information and should be gathered and stored just the same. As we could see in the reading material for this case assignment there are many methods for obtaining, sharing, and storing knowledge information. Some such methods were discussed by Ann Field in her article â€Å"Locking Up What Your Employees Know†. The step according to Ms. Fields are to first Create a knowledge profile, then foster mentoring relationships, encourage communities of practice, ensure that passing knowledge on is rewarded, Protect people’s privacy, and decide whether you’re interested in recorded knowledge as well.